Iot Based Smart Public Transport Framework For Location Tracking And Seat Availability Monitoring

Abstract

Public Transportation Systems Face Significant Challenges In Providing Real-time Information About Bus Location And Seat Availability To Passengers, Resulting In Long Waiting Times, Overcrowding, And Inefficient Utilization Of Transport Resources. This Paper Presents An IoT-Based Smart Public Transport Framework That Integrates Embedded Systems, Wireless Communication, GPS Technology, And Cloud-based Monitoring To Address These Challenges. The Proposed System Consists Of Two Main Units: The Bus Unit And The Bus Stop Unit. The Bus Unit Employs An ESP32 Microcontroller As The Central Controller, Utilizing Ultrasonic Sensors For Passenger Counting At Entry And Exit Points, Infrared (IR) Sensors For Seat Occupancy Detection, And Servo Motors For Automatic Door Control. A 433 MHz RF Communication System With HT12E/HT12D Encoder-decoder Modules Enables Wireless Transmission Of Passenger And Seat Information From The Bus Unit To The Bus Stop Unit. The System Incorporates GPS-based Location Tracking And Wi-Fi Connectivity For Transmitting Real-time Data To An IoT Cloud Platform, Enabling Remote Monitoring Through A Web-based Dashboard. The Design Was Implemented Using The ESP32 Development Board With Sensors And RF Modules. Experimental Results Demonstrate Accurate Passenger Counting, Reliable Seat Occupancy Detection, Stable RF Communication, And Effective IoT-based Remote Monitoring. Total System Power Consumption Was Measured At Different Sparsity Conditions Representing Passenger Occupancy Levels. The Proposed Framework Provides A Cost-effective, Scalable Solution For Improving Passenger Convenience, Reducing Waiting Uncertainty, And Supporting Smart City Transportation Initiatives.

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